British+in+Sudan


 * British in Sudan**
 * Timeline:**


 * __Event 1:__**
 * 1869 Suez canal opened.**


 * With the rise of modern Europe and the growth of industry and seaborne commerce, entrepreneurs began to think of building canals. One such initiative aimed at connecting the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Ocean directly, thus saving time either to sail around Africa or transshipping freight or passengers across the Suez Peninsula.A French enterprise took the initiative in obtaining a 99-year concession for the Canal and organizing the Suez Canal Company,** **Mainly with European capital, to build and operate it.** **The Canal was completed in 1869 under the leadership of the French promoter Ferdinand de Lesseps. [13]**
 * This event is important because it encouraged Europeans sailors to emerge out to the ocean and enabled them to travel more conveniently in the sea because it was the shortest link between the east and the west. Also it saves a distance, time, and costs for vessels. This huge development eventually led Europeans to invade Sudan later on.**



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 * __Event 2:__**
 * 1882 British invade Sudan.**

[11] __**Event 3:**__
 * After the Suez Canal opened up in 1869, both Sudan's and Egypt's ecnomic and strategic importance increased. This increase in importance caught the eye of all the Great Powers, but mostly the United Kingdom. They were the one kingdom over all others that saw the great importance and beneficial outcome of Sudan and the colonization of this country. Ten years after the Suez canal was opened, Sudanese leader Ismail Pasha stepped done as ruler because of the ever increasing influence of Great Britain. His son was put into power and he and his rule resented the colonization that Great Britain is pressing on all independent countries. In the year 1882, Tewfik Pasha requested the assistance of Britain because the Orabi Revolt had put the country in chaos. Barely keeping his spot as leader, he finally turned to Britain for help. When the British came after his invite, they obviously took this oppurtunity to take over the country. They bombarded Alexandria, which was Sudan's and Egypt's main sea port. The British forces fully cleared out all Sudanese and Egyptian rule and completely took over both countries. Although in the end, the british gave Tewfik his position back, the British never stopped controlling Sudan.**
 * This event is important because Imperial Britain officially divided north and south and prevented uniting the country. Continuously, Britain tried to modernize Sudan by altering their traditional culture and controlling their political system. For some reason, Britain supported northern Sudan more than southern Sudan which eventually raised the tensions between two regions and led to the civil war later on.**
 * 1899-1955 Sudan is governed by joint British-Egyptian rule:**


 * In 1898 the United Kingdom and Egypt owned all of present day Sudan. British and Egyptian government administered South Sudan and North Sudan as separate regions. Britain sought to modernize and civilize Sudan. In 1901 civilian administrators arrived in Sudan and formed the Sudan Political Service. The British formed the first class of Sudan, the Egyptians formed the middle class and the lower class was mostly made up of indigenous Sudanese. During joint rule economic prosperity could only be found in the Nile Valley settled area. In 1922 Britain renounced the Sudanese protectorate and accepted Egyptian independence.**
 * This event is very significant in the hisory of Sudan because Britain influenced and latered many dimensions of peoples' lives of Sudan during this stage. Especially, one of their policies, "Closed Door Policy," or "Closed Districts Ordinances" had a huge impact on both north and south Sudan. During this stage, Christian missionaries spread all over the place to spread their religion and the representatives from British government worked on developing the economy of the north and limited authority in the south. As a result, many southerners felt betrayed by the British because they were always left out. [14]**

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 * __Event 4:__**
 * 1955 revolt and start of civil war:**
 * Called 1st Sudan Civil War or Anyanya rebellion. In 1953, United Kingdom and Egypt grant independence to Sudan and tensions of north and south grew. In 1956, northern leaders refused to create a federal government that give south autonomy or independence. In 1955, British members administered an organization and created plans to harm southerners and urged northern administrators to oppress southerners. Finally, South people who feared being absorbed by the government of the North organized a rebellion which developed into a huge movement called Ayanya guerrilla army. Their movement started from Equatoria and spread to Upper Nile. [4]**
 * This event is important because this tells you that power of the British remained in Sudan even after the in dependency. Also as a result of this civil war, the first independent government of Sudan was formed but was not stable****. This represents the negative effects of imperialism and colonization. It alters the culture of the colony and intervenes into the political, social, and economic dimension of that colony. For example, Britain influenced the political system such as a national assembly of Sudan and encouraged northern administrators to oppress southerners and got rid of southern administrators. It also displaced and killed thousands of people of South. [5]**

__**Event 5:**__
 * 1958 military coup:**
 * Just two years after Sudanese independence General Abboud commenced a military coup in Sudan. This coup completely removed political decision making from the control of civilian politicians. Abboud then created the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces in order to rule Sudan. There were improved relations between Egypt and Sudan because of the settling of the Nile waters dispute between the two countries. Although General Abboud had many earlier successes the opposition remained powerful. In 1959 there were three attempts to remove the Abboud leadership and install a "popular" government. In particular the Sudanese Communist Party had a reputation of being an effective antigovernment organization. A rebellion in 1963 was spearheaded by a guerrilla group known as Anyanya. Sudan was returned to civilian rule in the year 1964.**
 * This event is also important because it shows how complicated Sudanese political system is and the influence of British imperialism of Sudan in Sudanese history. Even now, trace of British imperialism remain in Sudan where its government is sill not stable.**

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Sources: [1][] [2]h[|ttp://www.google.ca/imgres?q=sudan+civil+war+political+cartoon&um=1&hl=en&safe=active&biw=1280&bih=827&tbm=isch&tbnid=k7y-_25mmffb0M:&imgrefurl=http://www.ethanzuckerman.com/blog/2004/05/&docid=YC7cFomF3i_qkM&imgurl=http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/blogs/static/ethan/huffaker.gif&w=400&h=293&ei=1WOgTp_IBIH10gGtyb3NBA&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=94&sig=109579233402599340503&page=1&tbnh=149&tbnw=214&start=0&ndsp=20&ved=1t:429,r:1,s:0&tx=135&ty=88] [3][] [4][] [5][] [6][] [7][] [8][] [9][] [10][] [11]http://www.einfopedia.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/alexandria-seaport.jpg [12]http://www.lonelyplanet.com/maps/africa/sudan/map_of_sudan.jpg [13][] [14][]

The political structure is guided so the leader does not have to make rational or irrational decisions. They have a set timeline of what they have to do and when it must be done || Government leaders were told to rule a certain way that was against traditions by the Britain even after they became independent. ||
 * Dimensions || Positive || Negative ||
 * Population || None || 500, 000 Sudanese people killed from colonization of Britain + 1st and 2nd civil war. Displaced 4million southerners. ||
 * Political Autonomy || Became independent on January 1st, 1956.
 * Culture and Language || The Sudanese were given a new perspective on culture. They learned English in order to get proper education and jobs. || It was illegal for them to practice their own culture. Arabic and English are the two largest spoken languages which means that tribal languages are practically extinct. This is mainly caused by British colonization of Sudan. ||
 * Land and Resources || New, more efficient ways to farm. There was an increase of trade during British rule which made them able to get foreign resources and technologies. || Land boundaries fought over between tribes were ignored by the British when they took over Sudan. ||
 * Economic || New products to purchase and an increase of jobs to create these products || Loss of jobs from outsourcing and no need for local workers. Also the resources of the colony could be used at an unfairly low price ||