British+in+Australia

__**British in Australia**__


 * Timeline:**

1778- On January 18 1778 England sent Convicts and Marines to Australia in ships on a quest for land, wealth and power, They landed in what is now know has Botany Bay. The first eleven of the ships that were sent are known as the first fleet, They are considered to be "the founders of Austrailia " for they have started the colonization of Australia in the name of the monarch of England. This is when England started to colonize Austrailia. Convicts were no value to the English so they were sent to Austrailia to take over the land because the English could afford to lose them.The British convicts that were sent consisted of 70% English and Welsh, 24% Irish, 5% Scottish and there was also Maoris from New Zealand, Chinese from Hong Kong and slaves from the Caribbean. Before 1788 there were over 300,000 aboriginal peoples that populated Austrailia for over 10,000 years, they had seen very few Europeans before and after 1788 all that changed. The colonization of Australia had a huge impact on the European economy because they found rich land with many resources which increased there income, however the indigenous people had suffered greatly because of the European's increase. The colonization of Australia had started ending when the British had sent around one million convicts to Australia.

1788- In 1788, South Australia was claimed for Britain as a part of the New South Wales colony. The colony included almost two thirds of the continent, but early settlement were all on the eastern coast, as well as some that attempted into the far west. It took about 40 years before any proposals were declared for the establishment of a southern settlement. Later on, the British Parliament passed an act stating that Southern Australia would be convict free. This was announced the South Australia Act in 1834. The first settlement made was the settlement of the seven vessels and 636 people. It was made at Kingscote on Kangaroo Island, until the official site was selected in Adelaide. This colony contributed to the surge of immigrants that were deported to Holdfast Bay in November 1836. South Australia was proclaimed on Decemeber 28th, 1836 which is now known as Proclamation Day.

1803-1830- As the British embark on their journey to conquer the land now known as Australia, they encountered a few problems. Colonization had been in the procces, but food and water amounts were fluctualating, and with the Indigeonus peoples who were living in Australia at the time also trying to survive and also low on food and water. A conflict had befallen on the two races over natural reasoures, and since the British hadn't brought enough females on the voyage the men were desperate and began ubducting female aboriginals which lead to the depopulization of the Aboriginal people. As the monarch sent food for their British explorers, the population rate for the British is rising, and less and less food had been for the taking as a result, of overpopulation. The Aboriginal peoples had began raiding the British huts and houses for food and water inorder to save themselves. Many had died but because of this, and as a result war had begun between the two races, and many believed that the Aboriginals of this land were fighting for their right to stay and survive. The British Government in an attempt to stop the conflict, proposed a law the Martial Law in 1828 allowing the military to take action against the Aboriginies. The remaining Aboriginals were slaughtered by the military actions commited. Later on The British Government wanted to change its strategy and so it sent George Augustus Robinson with a few others in search of any living reminantes of the Aboriginals, inorder to build a better relationship between the two races, George had encountered the last few living tribes and had formed a friendship between Britain and the Aborigines. George had pursuade the remaining Aboriginals to move to a new settlement where the Aboriginies were promised a modern and comfortable space. And so peace had befallen the two nations.



1829- With New South Wales developing and rumours of the French taking over other regions of Australia, the British quickly sent naval ships to the island. Charles Fremantle, Captain of the naval ship was sent over by the British in 1829 to declare the rest of the land, British. The land that Charles Fremantle claimed would be soon known as Western Australia. Shortly after Britain’s declaration, immigrants traveled over with James Stirling as their Lieutenant governor. James Stirling played a role in collecting the immigrants from London, and convincing the British that Australia was no barren wasteland. Soon after their arrival, Stirling and his colony built a port and moved inland for a suitable settlement location, which was later known as Perth. The immigrants from the colony were not well equipped and without free labour, they suffered. It took other waves of immigrants for this colony to finally thrive. The importance of Britain's claim of Western Australia was that it didn't allow for any other nations to colonize in Australia.

1851- The discovery of gold in Ballarat (Southern Australia) causes a large wave of British citizens to settle in colonies. This was because many immigrants had hopes of becoming rich and saw opportunity in this new land. However, those who came to Australia were let down because only a small number became wealthy from gold. Consequently, immigrants turned to jobs that would help boost the economy such as storekeepers who supplied miners with cloths. With all of the immigrants moving to Australia, the indigenous people struggled to comprehend the customs and values Europeans brought with them such as the concept of ownership. There was much misunderstanding between the two cultures and the rush of European immigrants simply outnumbered the aboriginal people.



__Population__ Positive impacts: Europe was particularly overcrowded during the time the British were colonizing in Australia. This resulted in more motives for Europeans to immigrate to Australia because it offered more space and opportunity. There were therefore more immigrants traveling to Australia increasing their population.
 * Impacts of Imperialism on Australia:**

Negative impacts: With the increase in Europeans in Australia, the Aboriginal people became more vulnerable. Their population, estimated at 300 000 people when the British arrived, became at risk when the European ways disrupted the Aboriginal peoples way of life.

__Political Autonomy__ Positive Impacts: Though there was no particular point in which Australia officially became an independent country, the gradual independence allowed for more freedom in Australia. In 1901 the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act entered force and allowed Australia to engage in foreign affairs, and to raise an army. This allowed Australia to make more decisions for itself, and had people in its land who represent the country and its best interests.

Negative Impacts: Australia was still held under Britain’s power, even after the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act. On behalf of Australia, Britain still had the power to engage in foreign affairs and Britain still had control over Australia’s laws.

NOTE: The independence of Australia, rather than occurring in a single event, is a process that is still "technically" evolving to this day. Though the British Monarchy is still connected to Australia, they can no longer interfere with legal matters. The above content explains the positive and negative effects of the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act.

__Culture and Language__ Positive Impacts: European settlements and colonies started out small but eventually grew with time and began to thrive. They maintained part of their culture but with the passing of time, evolved into Australians.

Negative Impacts: The approximate 300,000 Aboriginals who lived in Australia were quickly reduced to only a handful when Europeans came to the Island. Europeans marginalized these people by herding them onto reserves and excluding them from colonial life.

__Land and Resources__

Positive Impacts: Different indigenous groups were given the opportunity to use British land for their own benefit. For example, they used their land to farm, graze, and hunt.

Negative Impacts: The British colonies took the view that the Indigenous Australians were uncivilized people who had no concept of land title. The British stole land and water resources and indigenous groups were forced off their land which caused culture and tradition loss. Communities were living either on the borders of European communities or on lands that were unstable for settlement establishment.

__Economic Well-Being__

Positive Impacts: The European settlements had impact on several economic changes. Indigenous peoples started relying on the European way of life because of their access to foods, resources and livestock.

Negative Impacts: The British began using indigenous women, men and children as a significant source of labor. This labor was unpaid and the indigenous received shares in the form of food, clothing and other basic necessities.

References: [] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australia [] [] [|http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?ParagraphID=izp#ixzz1bLTJY52v] [] [|http://www.writework.com/essay/australia-independent#.TqYG1mbgI00] [] []